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===== Thin film absorption =====

Calculation of thin film reflection, transmission or absorption can be done analytically using Fresnel coefficients and related equations. This approach can be used perfectly also for multilayers and use of FDTD for such purposes is absolutely pointless. However, it can be used as a simple benchmark of FDTD performance. Moreover, if we want to address films that are to some extent microstructured or nanostructured, we cannot use conventional methods anymore and we need to seek for a numerical technique. In this example we show how to calculate thin film absorption and compare it to analytical values.

{{ :app:d_thinfilm_model.png?200|}}
Image on the right shows scheme of the computational volume used for the simulation. As a simplest model, free standing silicon thin film (1 µm) was used for calculation. A normally incident plane wave was used to enter the selected wavelength into computational volume. No dispersion model was used - for every wavelength we have used directly the database values for Si<sub>100</sub>. Absorption was evaluated locally and averaged in time from the results (using OUT_SUM directive). Transmitted and reflected intensity was evaluated using point outputs below and above thin film. These intensities were normalized to transmitted intensity values calculated using the same model but without the film (this value was treated as incident wave intensity).
	

A result of calculation for range of 300-700 nm is shown below, compared to the same quantities obtained using analytical equations. The absorption, transmission and reflection spectra are shown.
{{ :app:thinfilm_result.png?500 |}}

In the following figure, the sum of transmission, reflection and absorption is shown to estimate the numerical errors of the calculation (the ideal value is 1 for whole spectral range).
{{ :app:thinfilm_errors.png?500 |}}

It is important to note that, namely for smaller wavelengths, the result strongly depends on discretisation. In the above case, discretisation of 2.5 nm was used. Even this might be too large for small wavelengths where light penetration depth in silicon is small (which leads to large numerical errors in absorption summation). If we increase the discretisation even more we can see that this effect is more and more pronounced, as shown on whole spectrum (left) and detail (right) in the following image. The red curve is analytical value, the other curves are for discretisation of 2.5 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm and 20 nm (larger is worse).
{{ :app:thinfilm_detail2.png?500 |}}